Socialist, unskilled labourer, atheist, and pacifist for political reasons. In 1916, Joe spent time in Dartmoor and Wakefield, and believed most strongly in Tom Paine’s ‘The world is my country, all men are my brothers, to do good is my religion’. Aged 22 when arrested, he lived in Deptford with his family, who then moved to Bermondsey to escape their neighbours’ derision. Joe only found one job after the war and, when he ran out of unemployment insurance, was sent to a government Labour Camp. Married and with two children, poverty continued to blight their lives.