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WOMEN WORKING FOR PEACE IN |
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 MEN WHO SAID NO | ROAD TO CONSCRIPTION | CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION | PRISONS | SENTENCED TO DEATH | TRIBUNALS | CONTEXT | INDEX | SITE MAP |
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WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM Catherine Marshall provided the link between the No-Conscription Fellowship, and the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). She represented WILPF (originally called the Women’s International League) at the NCF Convention where she decided to devote her time to the CO movement. WILPF will be 100 years old in 2015. It grew out of the women’s suffrage movement which had been active in the UK and internationally before the war, seeking the right of women to vote. The war divided the movement – half the leading women in the British suffrage movement opposed the war and organised peace groups throughout Europe. Some of the most active peace women had been on the executive of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies – Helena Swanwick, Margaret Ashton, Catherine Marshall, Maude Royden, Kathleen Courtney and Chrystal Macmillan. The international suffrage movement (the International Women Suffrage Alliance) was based in London. In 1914 its international press secretary was Rosika Schwimmer, a Hungarian pacifist. She understood the implications of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, and met Lloyd George personally in July to warn him of the need to calm the situation to avoid war between Austria and Serbia. He thought she was exaggerating. Later in the war he would acknowledge she knew more about European affairs than he did. Various women’s organisations asked the suffrage movements to organise a women’s peace rally, which was set for the evening of Tuesday, August 4th – the very day Britain declared war on Germany. The meeting went ahead at Kingsway Hall, with 2000 women inside and hundreds more turned away. Two resolutions were passed, one urging mediation by neutral countries, the other asking women’s organisations to ‘offer their services to their country’. The resolutions were delivered to 10 Downing Street just as the king was approving the final ultimatum to Germany. That night Rosika Schwimmer sat up all night and drafted an Open Letter to ‘All Men, Women and Organisations who want to stop the international massacre at the earliest possible moment.’ She suggested that the US President Wilson should come to Europe immediately and call together representatives of neutral countries – Switzerland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Spain to be ready for mediation efforts. She rallied support from suffrage societies throughout Europe, the US, Australia and Canada, speaking In 60 major US cities before December 2014. The Hague Congress In April 1915, about 1200 women from the warring countries gathered together in The Hague, for the Women’s International Congress. The overwhelming majority were from Holland, but despite travel restrictions, others came from Austria, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United States. French and Russian women were not allowed to attend. 180 British women had applied to come but the government refused at first to allow passports, eventually agreeing to issue 24 to women chosen by the Home Secretary. But the Admiralty then closed the North Sea to shipping! The only British women able to attend were Chrystal Macmillan and Kathleen Courtney who had already travelled to the Hague to help organise it, and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence who came from a speaking tour in the States. Those travelling from the States risked their lives sailing across the Atlantic in a ship that was unable to fly the American flag and could have been torpedoed. Five Belgian delegates arrived to great applause having surprisingly secured permits from the occupying German authorities. Messages of support came from as far away as India, Brazil and South Africa. The British press treated this with the usual contempt – the Evening Standard said ‘Women peace fanatics are becoming a nuisance and a bore’, their efforts were dismissed as amateurish, they were mocked by the Daily Express as ‘peacettes’ and generally the press was disappointed the women did not come to blows. To hold the conference at all during the war was a remarkable feat of organisation, and bravery. It was the first international meeting to draw up an outline of the principles needed for a peace settlement to succeed. The Covenant of the League of Nations after the war is remarkably similar to the 20 resolutions passed by the delegates. They included democratic control of foreign policy, with no secret treaties, universal disarmament, future international disputes to be referred to arbitration – and of course, equal political rights for women, and the involvement of ordinary men and women in the final peace conference. The delegates held a minute’s silence for all those killed in the war so far – Rosika Schwimmer described the mood: ‘we had one who learned that her son had been killed – and women who had learned two days earlier that their husbands had been killed, and women who had come from belligerent countries full of the unspeakable horror, of the physical horror of war, these women sat there with their anguish and sorrows, quiet, superb, poised, and with only one thought, “What can we do to save the others from similar sorrow?” Rosika suggested that the resolutions passed by the Congress should be taken in person to the heads of the belligerent and neutral governments and to the President of the United States. Many thought the idea impractical and impossible, but she persuaded them. Between May and August 1915 thirteen of the women, in two groups, (including Chrystal Macmillan from Britain) visited senior statesmen in fourteen capitals: Berlin, Berne, Budapest, Christiana (now Oslo), Copenhagen, The Hague, Le Havre (seat of the deposed Belgian government), London, Paris, Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), Rome, Stockholm, Vienna and Washington. Women from the fighting countries were chosen to visit the neutral governments, and vice versa. They wanted the neutral countries to set up a mediating conference. In Britain Catherine Marshall arranged meetings with the Foreign Secretary and the Prime Minister. Everywhere they found all the governments had convinced themselves they were fighting ‘in self-defence’ and were waiting for the neutral countries to intervene. In Austria, Jane Addams (American chair of the Congress) said to the Prime Minister that ‘It perhaps seems to you very foolish that women should go about in this way; but after all, the world itself is so strange in this war situation that our mission may be no more strange or foolish than the rest.’ He replied ‘Foolish? These are the first sensible words that have been uttered in this room for ten months.’ Rosika Schwimmer ultimately returned to Hungary, then after the war was forced to flee to America where she was unfairly accused of being a German spy, and denied American citizenship because she ‘refused to bear arms’, dying stateless in 1948. Branches of what became the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom were set up throughout Europe and the United States and later further afield. WILPF women continue to work for peace throughout the world. |
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